Total decomposition of citrus flower and fruit

Citrus is a fruit tree with more flowers and less fruit. Most of the flowers and young fruit fall off during flowering and fruit development, and the fruit setting rate is about 5%.The law of citrus flower and fruit abscissionThe flower and fruit shedding of citrus is a normal phenomenon. If tens of thousands of flowers are sitting on the fruit, it will not kill the fruit tree alive!  Citrus malformed flowerCitrus flower fall: the flower fall before flowering and after flowering are mainly incomplete flowers or deformed flowers. These flowers will not bear fruit. In order to avoid the phenomenon of occupying the pit, they will fall off naturally. It usually accounts for about 25% of the total flowers.Citrus fruit fall can be divided into three stages, namely the first physiological fruit fall, the second physiological fruit fall and pre-harvest fruit fall.The first physiological fruit drop: the young fruit falls off with stems, usually 10 to 15 days after flowering, with a large amount of fruit drop, accounting for about 50% of the total flower amount.The second physiological fruit drop: the fruit falls off from the honey tray without fruit stem, which generally occurs 20 days after the last fruit drop, accounting for about 20% of the total flower amount.Pre-harvest fruit falling: it occurs after fruit setting and before harvest, accounting for about 1% of the total flowers.Reasons for excessive shedding of citrus flowers and fruitsThe natural shedding of flowers and fruits during the growth and development of citrus is a normal physiological regulation, but if the excessive shedding of flowers and fruits will directly affect the fruit setting rate and yield, then what are the reasons for the serious shedding of flowers and fruits of citrus?Falling flower anomalyWhen citrus flower bud differentiation, if the nutrient is insufficient, or there are diseases and insect pests such as bud maggot, thrips, anthrax, etc., or through artificial flower promotion, especially poor management after ring cutting, the differentiation can be interrupted or poor, forming many incomplete flowers and deformed flowers, and a large number of falling off.In early spring, the tree body was yellowing and even defoliated seriously, the photosynthetic intensity decreased, and the photosynthetic products were difficult to transport to the root, but accumulated in the aboveground part, resulting in an increase in the number of flowers and a decrease in the number of healthy flowers, leading to serious flower falling and bud falling.In case of overcast and rainy weather during flowering, excessive water will make the pistil stigma mucus of the flower insufficient and lose its pollination function, resulting in flower falling.Abnormal high temperature and air drying during flowering will shorten the flowering period, and the pistil stigma will quickly dry up, affecting the fertilization and causing flower shedding.Fruit drop anomalyThe first physiological fruit dropWhen citrus blooms, it consumes a lot of nutrients in the tree, and does not replenish it in time after flowering, which is easy to cause insufficient nutrient supply during the development of young fruit, and a large number of fruit falls.The vegetative shoots of spring shoots grow too fast, especially the ones that mature slowly, which will increase the consumption of nutrients. The immature spring shoots cannot produce organic nutrients through photosynthesis, leading to fruit drop.Abnormal temperature can easily cause fruit drop, and too dry or wet soil can also cause fruit drop. The main reason is that the absorption of soil nutrients by roots is affected, resulting in insufficient nutrient supply.Insufficient light will affect the synthesis and transportation of photosynthetic products, so long rainy days or large shading between plants and rows will also cause a large number of fruit drop.The second physiological fruit dropThe deficiency of auxin and gibberellin in young fruit, especially in seedless varieties, causes the increase of ethylene and abscisic acid levels in the fruit stalk to induce delamination and fruit drop.In summer, the temperature is high and the fertilizer efficiency is fast. Citrus trees are prone to sprout summer shoots. The summer shoots sprout too much. The vegetative growth and reproductive growth are carried out at the same time, competing with the young fruit for nutrients. At this time, if the control is not effective, it will also aggravate the fruit drop.Poor weather conditions, such as high temperature and rainy weather, cause fruit falling.Preharvest fruit dropIt is mainly related to bad weather conditions, nutritional factors, diseases and insect pests.How to protect flowers and fruits?At present, the main citrus production areas have entered the period from sprouting to bud, so how to carry out the next work of flower and fruit protection?1. Apply germination fertilizerBefore and after the spring shoots sprout, the topsoil layer shall be opened inwards with the water drop line of the tree crown to supplement nutrients to improve the nutrient level of the tree body and coordinate the balance between nutrient growth and reproductive growth.2. Supplementary application of Xie Hua fertilizerSpring shoots sprout and bloom in large numbers, and the tree consumes a lot of nutrients, especially nitrogen. If inorganic nutrients are not supplemented in time, a large number of young fruits will fall off.3. Top dressing on the leaves to speed up the ripening of spring shootsTopdressing outside the root in spring can quickly overcome the problems of slow greening of spring shoots, weakened photosynthesis, decreased tree vigor and unstable fruit setting due to insufficient root absorption.4. Drought prevention and water drainageSpring drought often occurs during the flowering and fruit-setting period of citrus. Spring drought will cause short spring shoots, abnormal flower buds, many abnormal flowers, or petals and styles wither during flowering, stigma mucus is dry and solid, anthers die, and pollination cannot be carried out, or the pollen tube cannot extend to the ovary after pollination, and the young fruit falls off due to poor development. Therefore, in case of drought and high temperature, water must be sprayed in time to keep the soil moist, so as to facilitate the growth of root groups and absorb nutrients for supply.Frequent continuous rain in spring will cause ponding in the garden, affecting the growth and absorption of roots, and even root rot or root suffocation due to lack of air, leading to black and necrosis of young fruit. At the same time, the continuous rain will also cause the petals to not fall off, affecting the young fruit pericarp to turn green. Therefore, in rainy days, the orchard should be inspected in time to remove water and shake flowers.5. Prevention and control of diseases and pestsThe main diseases and insect pests that directly cause flower and fruit fall include: bud maggot, malignant leaf beetle, flower thrips, red spider, rust spider, leaf roller, weevil, anthrax, ulcer, scab, etc. Pay attention to prevention and control in proper period.6. Rational use of growth regulatorsGibberellin, cytokinin, prochloraz, sodium nitrophenolate, brassinolide and so on are widely used.7. Eliminate excessive spring shoots and early summer shootsThis is a method to solve the contradiction between sprouting and fruiting, and it is applicable to young fruiting trees and young trees. First, remove the overgrown spring shoots, and remove some new shoots according to the principle of "three by two" and "five by two" before the shoots are cut. The second is to pick the heart. When the spring shoots grow to 15 cm, be careful to save nutrients. Third, when the summer shoots are 3-5 cm long, they will be completely wiped out until the end of the second physiological fruit fall in the first and middle of July.8. Avoid fertilizer injury and drug damageDuring the period of flower and fruit conservation, we should not only fertilize but also control diseases and insect pests, spray auxin and supplement trace elements.Therefore, we should carefully arrange the interval between each fertilization or spraying, and also understand whether each pesticide can be used during flower and fruit conservation, the safe and effective concentration used, and whether it can be mixed. In principle, the fertilizer should be applied thinly several times to avoid the injury of new roots and affect the fruit setting.(Article source: agricultural assistant)

The Ministry of Agriculture has issued a new report: This year's peanut production will be high

At present, peanut planting is about to begin in the Huang-Huai-Hai, northern, southwestern regions and the Yangtze River basin. According to the climate characteristics of this year and the actual production conditions of various regions, the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, together with the oil expert guidance group of the Ministry of Agriculture, will put forward the technical guidance for peanut production in 2017.1、 Arrange stubble reasonably and optimize planting structureFirst, make full use of the advantages of drought and barren tolerance of peanuts, and moderately increase the planting area of spring sown peanuts with one crop per year in shallow hills and the old Yellow River.Second, in the spring flower production area with higher accumulated temperature and better cultivated land quality, the high-yield field of spring peanut with two-year three-cropping system was adjusted to two-year summer direct seeding peanut. Adjust wheat interplanting peanuts to direct seeding peanuts in summer, and effectively solve the outstanding problems of soil hardening, poor seeding quality, weak seedlings and inappropriate mechanical operation in wheat interplanting peanuts through ridge mulching, single seed precision seeding, mechanical operation and other measures, so as to improve peanut yield and production efficiency.Third, make full use of corn, watermelon, fruit and other crops to intercrop peanuts and improve the comprehensive benefits of planting.2、 Scientifically select varieties to improve peanut qualityAccording to the soil, climate, market and other conditions, all regions should select high-quality special varieties with high oil content, high oleic acid content, high protein content, suitable for baking, etc., to gradually meet the differentiated requirements of peanut quality for different uses such as oil, edible and export.In the Huang-Huai sea area, spring peanut or spring peanut covered with plastic film should choose high-quality special-purpose medium-high-fruit peanut varieties with a growth period of about 125 days, wheat ridge intercropping peanut should choose high-quality special-purpose medium-high-fruit peanut varieties with a growth period of less than 125 days, and summer direct seeding peanut should choose high-quality special-purpose medium-high-fruit peanut varieties with a growth period of about 110 days.Middle and early maturing large fruit-type varieties with a growth period of 120-130 days are selected in the northeast production areas, and early maturing small fruit-type varieties with a growth period of less than 120 days are selected in areas with high latitude, short frost-free period and low accumulated temperature.The spring peanut in the southern production area selects the medium-fruit or large-fruit pearl bean varieties with a growth period of about 120 days. When selecting varieties, we should pay attention to the consistency between the varieties' resistance and the local characteristics of drought, flood, disease and insect pests, especially the high resistance varieties should be selected in the areas (plots) where bacterial wilt occurs, and the strong resistance varieties should be selected in the areas where fruit rot occurs more seriously. In production areas with high mechanical harvest, varieties with concentrated results, good maturity consistency, good fruit handle toughness and suitable for mechanized harvest should be selected.3、 Seeding in proper time and quantity to improve seeding qualityFirst, determine the suitable sowing date. The spring sowing time of large groundnut in the northeast and Huanghuai sea areas should be controlled within five consecutive days. The ground temperature of 5cm should be stable above 17 ℃, and that of small groundnut should be stable above 15 ℃. Generally, it should be from the late April to the early May, and the film-covered groundnut can be earlier than the early and middle April; The suitable sowing time for intercropping peanut in wheat ridge is 15-20 days before wheat harvest, generally in the middle and late May; Summer direct seeding peanuts should be prepared in time after the wheat harvest and sown as early as possible. The sowing date is generally not later than June 20. The ground temperature of 5cm for spring peanut in the southern production area should be stable above 12 ℃, and the seeds should be sown in the cold tail and warm head.The second is to determine the appropriate seeding amount. Generally, large peanuts are sown 8000-9500 holes per mu in spring, small peanuts are sown 9000-10000 holes per mu in double seeds, and 14000-15000 seeds per mu in single seeds; Summer direct seeding of big peanuts is 15000-17000 seeds per mu and 9500-12000 holes per mu.Third, do a good job of seed dressing with chemicals. Peel the seeds 10-15 days before sowing, and sun the seeds 2-3 days before shelling. Remove the moldy, damaged and germinated seeds, and store and seed them according to the size of the seeds. The seeds that have been shelled before sowing shall be properly stored to prevent moisture absorption from affecting the germination rate. Select appropriate chemicals for seed dressing. The seeds should be evenly mixed and sown as soon as they are mixed. The seeds can be sown after the seed coat is dried. It can effectively control soil-borne diseases such as root rot, stem rot, crown rot and underground pests such as grubs.4、 Scientific fertilization and watering to promote normal developmentFirst, scientific fertilization. The general principle of peanut fertilization is to apply more organic fertilizer, less chemical fertilizer, organic-inorganic combination, quick-release combination, and skillfully apply functional fertilizer according to the local conditions. In acid soil, physiological alkaline calcium fertilizer such as lime can be added; The continuous cropping soil can be added with lime nitrogen and biological fertilizer; Peanut rhizobium fertilizer was added to gravelly sandy soil, coarse sandy loam soil and stubble soil with low fertility to enhance the nitrogen fixation capacity of the nodules; Increase the application of biological potassium fertilizer in peanut high-yield fields to promote the effective release of soil potassium. Biofertilizer can be applied to reduce the amount of fertilizer, control heavy metal pollution and nitrite accumulation.Second, water scientifically. Spring peanut and summer peanut sown with sufficient moisture generally do not need to be watered at seedling stage. Proper drought is conducive to root development, improving the ability of drought and waterlogging resistance of the plant, and also conducive to shortening the first and second internodes, facilitating the fruit needle down, and increasing the rate of full fruit; In case of drought in the seedling stage of wheat and peanut, timely watering shall be carried out to protect the seedlings. The middle stage of growth (flowering and pod stage) is the period when peanut is sensitive to water, and it is also the period of high water demand in its life. Drought in this period has a great impact on the yield. When the plant leaves wither around noon, it should be watered in time. In case of drought in the late stage of growth (full fruit stage), water should be watered and watered lightly in time to prevent premature plant senescence and Aspergillus flavus infection. Watering should not be carried out in the high temperature period, and water accumulation in the field should be prevented, otherwise it is easy to cause rotten fruit, and it is not suitable to use low-temperature well water for direct irrigation. Peanut fields in the south or areas with more rainfall should be unblocked to prevent waterlogging.5、 Strengthen field management to reduce diseases, pests and weedsFirst, put seedlings and clear branches in time. If the peanut film covered with film is covered with soil, when the cotyledon node rises to the film surface, spread the soil above the seeding line to both sides of the plant and row in time, and remove the remaining soil to the ridge. When the seedlings without soil on the film cannot break the film automatically, they should break the film manually and release the seedlings in time to minimize the film hole. From the stage of clumping (4 compound leaves on the main stem), check and pick out the transverse branches buried under the film in time to make them healthy and develop. 2-3 times are required before flowering.Second, timely intertillage and weeding. Inter-tillage, stubble eradication and weeding shall be carried out within 3-5 days after the wheat harvest of peanut covered with wheat. After inter-tillage, 120 ml of 50% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate and 40-45 kg of water shall be sprayed on the ground. After the groundnut is planted in the open air and covered with soil, acetochlor is sprayed on the ground. When the peanuts are close to the ridge sealing, the soil should be laid in the trench between the two rows of peanuts. The soil should be clear, the soil should be smooth, the ridge waist should be fat, and the ridge top should be concave, so as to facilitate the fruit needles to penetrate into the soil and bear fruit.Third, reasonable chemical regulation. When the plant grows to 30-35 cm, the growth regulators such as paclobutrazol or uniconazole should be used to control the flourishing fields. They should be applied in strict accordance with the instructions for use. Too little spraying can not control the flourishing. Too much spraying will make the leaves of the plant premature and reduce the yield. Leaf spraying shall be carried out before 10 a.m. or after 3 p.m.Fourth, green prevention and control of diseases and pests. It is recommended to use physical trapping and biological control methods to control pests and chemical agents to control diseases. The promotion of physical trapping and killing technologies such as black light lamp, sex attractant and insect trap plate can not only control insect pests, but also reduce the use of chemical pesticides. Biological agents such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and avermectin can be used to control underground pests such as peanut grubs. Appropriate low-toxicity fungicides can be selected to control leaf spot and other diseases. Peanut varieties with high resistance should be selected for the control of bacterial wilt and rust.6、 Proper harvest and safe storageHarvesting, drying and storage are important links after peanut production. In production, it is generally timely harvested when the plant turns yellow from green, the main stem retains 3-4 green leaves, and most of the pods are full and mature. The specific harvest period should be flexibly controlled according to the weather conditions. After harvest, it should be dried or dried as soon as possible to reduce the moisture content of pods to less than 10%. Pay attention to control the storage conditions, prevent the damage of storage pests, and prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin pollution.Source: Information Office of the Ministry of Agriculture

Are you ready for a new round of fruit tree management in April?

The orchard management in April has entered the second stage of the whole year's orchard management. What activities are there in the orchard in April?1、 Pest controlAccording to the specific flowering time of each region, within 3-5 days before flowering, we must spray the garden cleaning medicine for the second time to eliminate the diseases and insect pests that passed through the winter last year in the bud. It can be said that this time of medicine is the key to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests throughout the year. We must spray, and must spray well.The next step is the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests from flowering to bagging. The main purpose of the three times of medicine from flowering to bagging is to prevent fruit diseases. To ensure that the young fruit is not infected by diseases and insect pests and can not be damaged by drugs, we must use the medicine according to the plan of three times of medicine after flowering formulated by the headquarters. We can not increase or decrease the number of times or change the medicine at will. The time of the first time of spraying medicine after flowering is 7-10 days from the number of petals falling in a large area of your orchard, The next two times are 7-10 days apart from the last time, and the bag can be set after three times of spraying.2、 Thinning flowers and fruitsThe purpose of flower thinning and fruit thinning is to reduce a large amount of nutrient consumption, make fruit trees load reasonably, improve fruit setting rate, and avoid fruit bearing every other year. If artificial thinning is used, the earlier the better. Fruit thinning is better than flower thinning, and flower thinning is better than bud thinning. In order to prevent frost damage from causing losses to the orchard, it is recommended that you start from the bud stage, and leave a strong inflorescence every 20 cm. Do not leave a central flower in place at one time. Wait until the fruit sets after flowering, and then drain the side fruit or small fruit on the inflorescence, which is safer and safer.If this year's experiment of chemical thinning can be carried out 30% after the central flower opens, if the orchard has pollination trees, the chemical thinning can be used directly according to the instructions. If there is no pollination tree, the chemical thinning can be used after 2 hours of artificial pollination. If the amount of flower this year is too large, after 70% of the flower opens, the second thinning can be carried out using the same procedures and methods. After the second time of chemical spraying, the fruit thinning agent can also be used according to the instructions according to the fruit setting rate, The fruit can be fixed manually once in place, and the bag can be set after the third time of spraying.3、 Foliar nutritionFor the three times from the beginning of the application of Hualuhong to the beginning of bagging, at least 2-3 times of foliar fertilizer should be added. The effect is better if it can be used four times in succession. After the application of Hualuhong, it can strengthen the tree vigor, improve the ability of the tree to resist cold and freeze, make the newly emerged leaves turn green quickly, and the flowers bloom neatly and bright. After the application of Hualuhong, it can accelerate the growth of spring shoots, the leaves can rapidly enlarge, thicken and blacken, and also increase the number of cell division of young fruit, Compared with the young fruit without addition at the same period, the fruit is obviously large and long, which improves the index of fruit type.This dose of Hualuhong also needs to add polyboron, which is a reproductive element. After adding boron, it can prolong the life of flowering period, elongate the pollination gas tube, provide sufficient opportunities for pollination, improve the ability of pollination and fertilization, and improve the fruit setting rate. From the first time after anthesis, the fruit should be supplemented with calcium. Since the first peak of calcium demand for apples is 40 days after anthesis, calcium supplementation can improve the hardness and surface light of the fruit, reduce the bitter pox and black spot disease of the fruit, and prevent the water crack and dehydration phenomenon in the later period. Therefore, calcium supplementation should be strictly carried out several times after anthesis, especially for apples in pure paper bags, and the amount of calcium can be appropriately increased each time.4、 Orchard wateringIn order to achieve the goal of early growth and early stop of spring shoots, the orchard should be replenished with water in a timely manner one week after flowering, that is, in late April, because the flowering and budding of fruit trees consume a lot of water and nutrients. After entering May, the orchard should not be watered as much as possible, which is conducive to the stop of spring shoots. In June, the flower bud differentiation period will enter. At that time, proper water control should be carried out, and watering should be carried out as far as possible into July. If there is effective rainfall in July, it should be postponed later, Therefore, the orchard must be watered in late April, otherwise, the fruit trees will not spend May and June safely.In May and June, as long as the orchard has a drought, it must be watered. Water control is correct. If there is a drought, it is wrong not to water. At that time, it is the spring shoots that stop for a long time. As long as the watering stops, the new shoots will rush out again. If the watering stops, they cannot enter the flower buds and divide flowers. Therefore, in order to ensure that the orchard does not have a drought in May and June, it is recommended to water the orchard as much as possible in late April to ensure that the orchard does not have water shortage from May to June.(The article is from the network and is only used for learning and exchange)

[Popularization of Science] A treasure trove of plant growth regulators! (Recommended collection)

As a rapidly developing science and technology, plant growth regulators have been widely used in agriculture, forestry, fruit and vegetable production.In recent decades, plant growth regulators have been mixed in many applications, such as rooting, fruiting, dwarfing, dormancy, drying, defoliation, ripening, sweetening, coloring, etc., with rapid development momentum,The reason is that the compound application can have the effect of synergism and addition, which can reduce the amount of use and improve the application effect. At the same time, it can also expand the scope of application, learn from each other, overcome the shortcomings of single use, and achieve high quality and high yield.Commonly used plant growth regulators can be divided into: plant growth regulators and fertilizer, plant growth regulators and fungicides.1、 Complex of plant growth regulatorsIn the past, it was believed that plant growth regulators have specificity and cannot be used in combination. However, modern plant physiology research has proved that different plant growth regulators will produce unexpected good effects when used in combination.After the combination of growth promoter and growth inhibitor was used, it was found that some plants could inhibit the vegetative growth and promote the reproductive growth. While the plants controlled the exuberant growth and lodging resistance, the fruit would expand, increase the yield and improve the quality.1. Sodium nitrophenol+sodium naphthylacetateIt is a new compound plant growth regulator with labor saving, low cost and high quality. As a regulator that can comprehensively adjust the balance of crop growth, sodium nitrophenolate can comprehensively promote crop growth, and is compounded with sodium naphthylacetate,On the one hand, it can strengthen the rooting effect of sodium naphthylacetate, on the other hand, it can enhance the rooting quick-acting effect of sodium nitrophenolate. Together, the two can make the rooting effect faster, absorb nutrients more powerful and more comprehensive, accelerate and promote the expansion of crops, without lodging, strong internodes, more branches and tillers, disease resistance and lodging resistance.According to the joint test and research of several scientific research institutions, the compound of sodium nitrophenolate and sodium naphthylacetate in proportion of 1:3 was applied to rootstock rooting. The results showed that the rooting number was significantly higher than that of sodium naphthylacetate alone;The experimental study on soybean showed that both of them significantly promoted the root of soybean to be strong, and the ability of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in rhizobium was significantly enhanced, which showed obvious visual effect in 2-3 days;The results showed that the yield of wheat could be increased by about 15% by spraying 2-3 times of the mixture of sodium dinitrophenol and sodium naphthylacetate at the rooting stage, with no adverse effect on wheat quality.2. DA-6+ethephon (or sodium nitrophenolate+ethephon)It is a kind of dwarf, robust and anti-falling regulator for compound corn. The use of ethephon alone has the effect of dwarfing, and the leaves are widened, dark green, upward and secondary rooting are increased, but the phenomenon of premature leaf senescence is easy to occur.Using DA-6+ethephon compound agent to control the growth of corn, the compound use can reduce the plant by up to 20% compared with using ethephon alone, which has obvious synergistic and anti-premature aging effects.3. Sodium nitrophenolate+gibberellinAs the quick-acting regulator, sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin can both act in a short time after application, so that crops show good growth effects. However, sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin are used in combination, according to the study on the application of sodium nitrophenolate by Zhongmu Jujube Science Research Institute,At the same time of adding the two effects, the sustained effect of sodium nitrophenolate can compensate for the deficiency of gibberellin. At the same time, through comprehensive control of the growth balance, it can avoid the damage to the plant caused by excessive use of gibberellin, so as to significantly increase the yield and improve the quality of jujube trees.4. Sodium naphthylacetate+indole butyrateIt is a widely used compound rooting agent in the world, and is widely used in fruit trees, trees, vegetables, flowers and some ornamental plants.The mixture can be absorbed by roots, leaves and germinated seeds, stimulate the cell division and growth of the inner sheath of the root, make the lateral root grow faster and more, improve the ability of the plant to absorb nutrients and water, and achieve the overall growth of the plant.Because of the synergism or synergism of the agent in promoting plant cutting and rooting, some plants that are difficult to root can also cut and root.2、 Compound of plant growth regulator and fertilizer1. Sodium nitrophenol+ureaSodium nitrophenolate+urea is the "golden partner" in the combination of regulator and fertilizer.In terms of effect, the characteristics of comprehensive regulation of crop growth and development of sodium nitrophenolate can make up for the deficiency of nutrient demand in the early stage, making the crop nutrition more comprehensive and urea utilization more thorough;In terms of action time, the quick-availability and persistence of sodium nitrophenolate combined with the quick-availability of urea can make the plant appearance and internal changes faster and more lasting;In terms of the method of action, sodium nitrophenolate and urea can be used together as both base fertilizer and root spray and flush fertilizer, which can be described as "killing three birds with one stone".In the experiment of compound nitrophenol sodium and foliar fertilizer containing urea, the leaves of the plant became dark green and shiny within 40 hours after application, and the yield in the later stage was significantly increased.2. Triacontanol+potassium dihydrogen phosphateTriacontanol can increase the photosynthesis of crops, and it can be sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate to improve the yield of crops. The combination of the two can be applied to the corresponding crops with other fertilizers or regulators, and the effect is better.For example, the combination of triacontanol+potassium dihydrogen phosphate+sodium dinitrophenol can increase yield by more than 20% compared with the former two.3. DA-6+trace elements+N, P, KHundreds of test data and market feedback information on the compound application of DA-6 with large and trace elements show that DA-6+trace elements such as zinc sulfate;DA-6+large amount of elements, such as urea, potassium sulfate, etc., make the fertilizer play a role dozens of times higher than that of single use, and enhance plant disease resistance and stress resistance.4. Chlormequat+boric acidThe application of the mixture on grapes can overcome the deficiency of chlormequat. The experiment showed that spraying the whole plant with a certain concentration of chlormequat 15 days before the flowering of grapes can greatly increase the yield of grapes, but reduce the sugar content of grape juice.The mixture can not only play the role of controlling the length and promoting the fruit setting to increase the yield, but also overcome the side effect of reducing the sugar content after the use of chlormequat.3、 Plant growth regulator+fungicide1. Sodium nitrophenolate+allicinThe compound use of sodium nitrophenolate and allicin can significantly improve its efficacy, delay the emergence of drug resistance, and can resist the drug damage caused by excessive or high toxicity by regulating the growth of crops, and make up for the losses caused thereby.The experimental study on the control of cotton verticillium wilt with sodium dinitrate+allicin EC showed that the incidence rate of sodium dinitrate was 18.4% lower than that of allicin alone,Moreover, the compound preparation treatment is stronger than the control cotton in growth, dark green and thick leaves, and the late decline time is later, and the leaf function period is prolonged.2. Sodium nitrophenolate+carbendazimThe mixture of sodium dinitrophenol and bactericide improves the surface activity of the agent, increases the permeability and adhesion, and thus increases the bactericidal effect.The compound use of sodium nitrophenolate and heterocyclic fungicides, such as carbendazim, in the prevention and control of peanut leaf disease, spray twice at the beginning of the disease, improve the control effect by 23%, and significantly enhance the bactericidal effect.4、 Plant growth regulator+herbicideEthephon+paraquat (now a national prohibited product)Used as defoliant for crops. This agent can increase yield when used as a drying and defoliating agent for sesame. The effect of drying and defoliating is poor when only ethephon is sprayed 6 days before sesame harvest,Sesame does not increase yield. Although paraquat alone has a good effect on drying and defoliation, it does not increase yield. If the two are mixed, it not only shows a good effect on drying and defoliation, but also increases its yield compared with the control.Articles are sorted out from the network

[Application of plant regulators] The use of indobutyric acid, naphthoic acid and other plant regulators in cutting

The application of synthetic plant hormones to promote the rooting of cuttings, especially on those trees with difficult rooting, plays a great role in promoting rooting and survival.Main types of rooting plant regulators1. Indobutyric acid and its homologues indole acetic acid and indole propionic acid have similar effects on stimulating plant growth. At present, the main use of these chemicals is to promote the rooting of branches.2. Naphthylacetic acid and its derivative sodium naphthylacetate are easy to synthesize and low in cost. Naphthoic acid is insoluble in water, while its sodium salt or potassium salt is easily soluble in water, and sodium salt is generally used in production. Naphthoic acid has a good effect on promoting rooting of cuttings.3. ABT rooting powder is an efficient and broad-spectrum rooting promoter. It not only supplements the exogenous auxin and other related substances needed for the formation of adventitious roots in cuttings, but also promotes the synthesis of endogenous auxin in cuttings.Usage of rooting plant conditionerThere are two main dosage forms used in production: powder and water.1. The powder is easy to use, but it is difficult to prepare, so it is not widely used in production. At present, the ABT film agent rooting powder sold on the market is convenient to use and can be dipped at any time, becoming a commercial powder preparation. In order to evenly apply the medicine at the base of the cuttings, when dipping the medicine in bundles, the branches can be leveled first, the powder can be spread on the plane, and then the cut of the cuttings can be easily stained with the powder.2. It should be noted that IBA is insoluble in water, its potassium salt can be directly soluble in water, naphthoic acid is only soluble in boiling water or alcohol, and its sodium salt can be directly soluble in water. The preparation method of 1000 ml of 500 μ l/l growth regulator: dissolve 0.5 g of naphthoic acid in 100 ml of 50% alcohol, add 950 ml of distilled water after dissolution, shake well, and put it into a tea-colored grinded bottle for standby.Dilute solution immersion method: It is an old method. The range of using growth regulators is from 20 μ l/L to 200 μ l/L, and soaking the base of cuttings for 24 hours is time-consuming.Concentrated solution dipping method: It is a widely used method at present. The concentration of growth regulator used is 500 μ l/L to 1000 μ l/L, rapid dipping, and the effect is very good.The principle of using the concentration of growth regulator is: the concentration of immersion method is low, and the concentration of quick dip method is high; The concentration of easy-rooted species is low, and that of hard-rooted species is high; The concentration of softwood cutting is low, and that of hardwood cutting is high.In addition, it should be noted that different growth regulators have different effects on different types of tree species. For example, IBA has a better effect on the rooting of deciduous tree cuttings, while NAA has a better effect on the cutting of evergreen trees.(The article is from the Internet and is only used for learning and exchange)

[Popularization of Science] Ten reasons for poor efficacy of pesticides

Planters often have poor control effects when using pesticides to control diseases, pests and weeds. In the case of unknown reasons and without correct guidance, the dosage, concentration, frequency and repeated use of drugs will often be increased, and even the use of highly toxic pesticides and other prohibited pesticides, in order to achieve better control effects. This not only increases the cost of medication and labor for users, but also puts pressure on our agricultural food safety, environmental protection and sustainable agriculture. In particular, the author sorted out and summarized 10 reasons for the poor control effect, with a view to discussing, studying and seeking more reasonable ways and means to improve the control effect and utilization rate of pesticides.1、 Backward application equipmentAt present, the domestic spraying equipment is mainly backpack type and stretcher type. In addition, the drug supply system is simple and backward, and the phenomenon of "running, emitting, leaking, dripping and blocking" can be seen everywhere, which often leads to uneven atomization effect and poor spray quality. In addition, the commonly used high-volume method is easy to cause large and uneven fog drops, large fog drops are easy to lose, small fog drops are easy to drift and volatilize, and poor adhesion, which leads to low pesticide utilization.2、 Spray technology is not up to standardThe occurrence, harm and development of diseases and insect pests will have a major hazard location or target on crops. For contact pesticides, if the spray can not accurately hit the target, it is difficult to have a better control effect; For the internal absorption pesticide, if the droplets cannot be evenly distributed on the target, there will be no good internal absorption effect, and the control effect will be greatly reduced. For example, for the prevention and control of red spider, try to spray the liquid medicine evenly on the back of the leaves (contact killing) or the front of the leaves (internal suction); The control of corn borer should be done with heart-leaf pesticide; To control planthopper and sheath blight, it is necessary to aim at the lower part of the plant; To control leaf roller, rice blast and bacterial blight, attention should be paid to upper leaf spray.3、 Improper selection of application liquidThe amount of liquid medicine applied refers to the amount of liquid medicine sprayed on the farmland per unit area. At present, the conventional spray in China is mainly high volume method and medium volume method, which use large amount of water and can be evenly wetted. However, there is less liquid medicine on the target or crop surface, and the liquid medicine is wasted and lost seriously. Modern agriculture needs modern plant protection concepts. We also need to select appropriate water consumption according to local conditions. When necessary, we need to add appropriate spray additives (such as organic silicon, mineral oil, vegetable oil), which can be used together with spray devices (nozzles) and pesticide preparations to increase the retention of liquid medicine on the target or crop surface, and promote the stability of drug efficacy.4、 Improper mixing of chemicalsGenerally, the mixed use of two or more agents with different action modes and mechanisms can not only improve the control effect and concurrent treatment effect of diseases, pests and weeds, but also avoid or delay the emergence of drug resistance of harmful organisms, and save the time cost and labor cost of users. However, it is necessary to understand the nature, function and control object of various types of pesticides for mixed use, and scientifically and reasonably mix and use them, rather than mix and use them indiscriminately, otherwise it may not only fail to achieve the purpose of prevention and control, but may even cause serious adverse consequences. For example, when acid pesticides are mixed with alkaline pesticides, it is easy to change the physical properties of pesticides, produce acid-base reactions, cause pesticide degradation failure, and even cause pesticide damage. In addition, when mixing pesticide preparations, attention must be paid to the mixing method (such as mother liquor method or secondary dilution method) and mixing sequence, and clean water should be used as much as possible.5、 Influence of agent itselfThe chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, dosage form, mechanism of action, dosage and processing properties of pesticides directly or indirectly affect the efficacy of pesticides; There will be differences between different dosage forms with the same content of the same ingredient. The production process and production capacity of the preparation of each company are different, and the efficacy of the drug is also very different. In recent years, the rise of precision spray devices such as hot foggers, unmanned aerial vehicles, and electrostatic spray has also put forward higher requirements for the matching use of pesticide preparations.(Article source: Farmers Daily is only for learning and exchange)

[Plant protection technology] Key points of practical management technology for high-yield cultivation of spring flower

Land selection: When planting peanuts in paddy fields, we should implement paddy and dry rotation, and rice or gramineous crops can be selected as the first crop. Peanuts planted in dry land should rotate with melons and gramineae crops for 3 to 5 years, and avoid continuous cropping with solanaceae, legumes, sesame and other crops. Select sandy loam with flat and sunny plot, deep soil layer, convenient drainage and irrigation, clean water source and medium fertility.Land preparation method: after the harvest of late rice in the first year, the paddy field shall be ploughed and bleached, with a depth of 20-30 cm, two plows and three rakes, and the border shall be leveled, and the three-level drainage and irrigation ditches shall be arranged. When preparing the land, it shall be made into a rough border of 1 meter covering the ditch. The dry land shall be irrigated for a short time before sowing to reduce the number of disease sources. In the middle and late days of March, clear up the border and sow seeds.Seeding time: mid-late March.Select good varieties: select high-quality processing varieties with strong disease resistance, moderate growth period, good adaptability and high yield.Reasonable dense planting: appropriate dense planting to ensure the number of seedlings. The density planting specification is generally controlled at about 11000 holes per mu, with row spacing of 50 cm and hole spacing of 12 cm. Cover soil immediately after sowing.Seeding amount: the sowing amount per mu is about 20 kg of dried fruit with shell, and 2 kernels are sown in holes.Scientific fertilization: apply fertilizer by stages or one-time full-layer fertilization.1. Fertilization by stages:Base fertilizer: 40 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus or 25 kg of compound fertilizer shall be applied per mu during the whole border.The first topdressing: after the peanut seedlings are fully planted, combine with intertillage and weeding to apply 1kg of urea, 1kg of potassium sulfate, 15kg of superphosphate or 20kg of imported ternary compound fertilizer per muThe second topdressing: this topdressing is aimed at the peanut field with only calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the base fertilizer. The first topdressing will be carried out 10 to 15 days later, with 10 kg of urea, 8 kg of potassium sulfate or 25 kg of compound fertilizer per mu.2. One-time full-layer fertilization: combined with the whole border, 50 kg of compound fertilizer with 15% N, P and K content per mu shall be sprayed.3. Sprinkle lime: when blooming, apply 30~50 kg of hydrated lime per mu on a sunny evening. After sprinkling, gently sweep with bamboo slices to avoid lime residue on peanut leaves.4. Topdressing outside the root: from the flowering stage, it should be carried out every 10 days, a total of 2-3 times.The first time: 1OOg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1OOg of borax, 20g of ammonium molybdate and 60kg of water were sprayed per mu.The second time: 1OOg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1OOg of borax and 60kg of water were sprayed per mu.The third time: 150 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 50 kilograms of water were sprayed per mu. If it is found that the color of peanut leaves is seriously faded, add 0.25~0.5 kg of urea to fully dissolve and spray.■   ■   ■Chemical weeding: within 3 days after planting in spring, select specific and effective herbicides for different weeds and evenly spray them on the border surface, border ditch and ridge. If the border surface is too dry, water it first and then spray it.Chemical regulation: In the early stage of peanut flowering, needle setting and pod setting, the use of special products such as "peanut dwarf tiger" and "peanut beans" produced by Anyang Quanfeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. per mu can effectively promote the transfer of nutrients to the root, transform the nutrient growth into reproductive growth, make the peanut kernel plump, improve the yield rate, and achieve the goal of peanut yield increase.Scientific water management: spring flowering plants generally do not irrigate during the growth period. In case of drought, they should be irrigated in time. In case of drought in the later period, they should be irrigated before 10:00 am. During irrigation, the water should be irrigated to 1/2 or 2/3 of the border height, so that the soil can absorb water by itself, and the water should be drained immediately when the border surface is slightly wet.Timely harvest: the peanut plant in the field stops growing, the leaves turn yellow, the base leaves basically fall off, the pods are mostly full, the pod shell reticulation is obvious, the inner wall of the pod shell turns brown, and the seed coat presents the original color of the variety (such as pink), which can be harvested at this time. If it is used as raw material for processing salted and crisp peanuts in production, it can be harvested about 5 days earlier to ensure the quality of processed products.(Part of the article is from the Internet and is only for learning and exchange)remarks:Due to the differences in soil, water and fertilizer conditions and other natural environments, please choose scientific use methods for specific crops. In addition, the majority of agricultural growers should use any pesticide according to the label description and under the guidance of local agricultural technology extension personnel.

The consequences of abusing rooting agent for vegetables are very serious!!!

Root is the vegetative organ of crops and the source of nutrition for crop growth. It plays a very important role in the process of crop growth and yield formation. The root system of crops can be compared to the human stomach.Rooting agent is a kind of functional flush fertilizer product that has risen rapidly in recent years. Among them, the main role is to promote plant growth regulators, such as indoleacetic acid, indole butyric acid, naphthoic acid, sodium nitrophenolate, and prochloraz. In addition, the product also contains a lot of mixed elements, or organic nutrients such as chitin, alginic acid, amino acid, humic acid, or various complex microorganisms. Reasonable use can not only promote root growth, enhance root absorption capacity, regulate plant growth, but also supplement some soil nutrients and regulate soil.The rooting agent has good rooting effect and takes effect quickly. However, as a product that plays a major role in plant growth regulator, it has relatively higher requirements on the use technology, and the requirements on dosage, applicable period and applicable type are relatively strict. Many vegetable farmers are very cognizant of the role of rooting agents. Whether it is dipping, watering or rooting, they will add rooting agents if they have nothing to do. The abuse situation is very prominent, which has seriously affected the normal growth of vegetables. In recent years, the high incidence of premature aging of vegetables is closely related to the abuse of rooting agents. The problem of "only growing roots, not fruit" is also inseparable from rooting agents.Typical example 1: continuous single use of rooting agent causes premature aging of vegetablesContinuous use of rooting agents alone, especially in the low temperature season in winter, will lead to serious consequences. Although the effect of using rooting agent is obvious in the short term, the rooting agent does not contain or contains little inorganic nutrients. The continuous use of rooting agent makes the soil nutrient supply not replenished, and the nutrient available for root absorption is small. Even if the root system is temporarily increased, the nutrient supply is insufficient, and the problem of premature aging of vegetables will soon occur, especially in a large winter crop of eggplant, sweet pepper, cucumber, etc., which is characterized by yellowing leaves, thinning and shrinking, and slow fruit growth, The yield and quality decreased. Many vegetable farmers do not understand what is going on. They look at the poor growth and increase the amount of rooting agent. As a result, the growth of vegetables is getting weaker and weaker. Finally, they pull out the garden early and change the stubble, resulting in huge losses.When the price of vegetables is low, the impact of premature aging on the benefits is not particularly large, but the high incidence of premature aging is in winter and spring, which is the time when the price of vegetables is good. So what is the focus of preventing premature aging?First, timely cover, remove mulch, plough and hoe, and cultivate strong roots.From planting to uprooting, the growth period of a large crop of vegetables is as long as eight or nine months, and that of extended crop in autumn is also four or five months. The growth period is long and requires a strong root support. However, covering film, watering and fertilizing for many times, and walking back and forth will make the surface layer of the greenhouse soil harden seriously, reduce the permeability, affect the root activity, and cause the root to weaken. It is suggested that vegetable farmers should start from vegetable planting, cover with plastic film at night, and combine with tillage and hoeing to cultivate strong roots; After the temperature rises in spring, the mulch should be removed as soon as possible, and the soil should be ploughed and hoed to break the soil surface hardening and improve the soil permeability. With better soil conditions, the root activity will naturally be strong, and no rooting agent is needed, and the plant will not prematurely decline.Second, water reasonably and adjust the proportion of topdressing.Watering is an important part of agricultural operation, and its role is irreplaceable. Vegetables should be watered in combination with water. Watering thoroughly can expand the range of root activity and improve root absorption capacity; Small water can meet the normal growth needs of vegetables, reduce the damage to soil, and ensure the stability of a large number of shallow root activity. In the middle and late stages of vegetable growth, the topdressing should be properly adjusted, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer should be increased, the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth should be maintained, and premature senescence caused by excessive reproductive growth should be avoided. If vegetables grow normally, balanced fertilizer can be applied; If the growth of eggplant is weak, it can be fertilized with high nitrogen, such as 30-10-10, 5-8 kg per mu.For those with premature aging such as yellow leaves, we should "manage both up and down". The upper leaves were sprayed with 600 times of cytokinin, 500 times of nucleotide foliar fertilizer and 300 times of total nutrient foliar fertilizer to alleviate leaf yellowing; In addition to nutrient type flush fertilization, the root is also combined with the application of rooting agent products containing chitin and alginate. For example, the sea spirit functional fertilizer is widely used. This functional fertilizer not only promotes rapid rooting, but also enhances the absorption capacity of the root system. If necessary, it should also reduce the combination of fruit retention, whole-branch leafing, reduce the burden of the plant, increase the nutrient supply of the root system, and promote the rapid and healthy growth of the plant.Typical case 2: water soluble fertilizer mixed with rooting agentWater-soluble fertilizer combined with rooting agent has become the standard configuration for many vegetable farmers when watering, which can not only supplement the nutrients needed for plant growth, but also promote rooting and enhance root absorption capacity.It's a good match. Is this really the case?No, under the condition of normal growth of vegetables, only using nutrient fertilizer can meet the needs of vegetable growth. In fact, rooting agent is not necessary. On the contrary, it will lead to excessive plant growth regulators in the soil, and the hormone balance in vegetables will be broken, which is more prone to various problems. Some time ago, the reporter came across a typical example of the reduction of production after continuous application of water-soluble fertilizer and rooting agent. A vegetable farmer in Xidanhe Village, Daotian Town, Shouguang City took tomato seeds with him, reflecting that the tomatoes he planted "only grow roots but not fruit". He pulled them out by hand to see that the root group can have a small pot size, but the fruit expansion of tomatoes is slow and the yield is not high. Although his neighbors are not so good, they don't have many roots, so they will have a small bowl after being pulled out. Tomatoes grow well, and the yield is higher than him. It's strange. It is obvious that only the roots grow without fruit, which is a sign of uncoordinated growth. The nutrition produced by leaves is more transferred to the roots, and the nutrition obtained by fruit is less, which leads to this abnormal phenomenon.What's the matter? This should start with the current formula of washing and fertilizing. Full-water soluble fertilizer is famous for its fast dissolution and good effect, but its components are still urea, potassium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc. Although the purity is high and the solubility is good, these components alone, if you want to see the effect from the stems and leaves above the ground, it is not much faster than the general compound fertilizer. It often takes 5-7 days to show on the plant. For vegetable farmers, the intuitive criterion for judging the quality of irrigation and fertilization is the performance of short-term plants after irrigation and fertilization. In order to take effect quickly, plant growth regulators (the main effective ingredients in the rooting agent) are added to the water-soluble fertilizer, such as sodium nitrophenolate, ammonium ester, etc., which can first promote rooting and improve root vitality. With the added inorganic nutrients, it can quickly appear on the plant and let the vegetable farmers see it.In fact, plant growth regulators have been added to the water-soluble fertilizer, which will take effect quickly but not for a long time after use. If rooting agents are added, the situation of "only growing roots and not growing fruits" may occur when the nitrogen content of manure in the base fertilizer is high.(Article source: pesticide assistant is only for learning and exchange)

[Popular science] Several commonly used compound formulations of plant growth regulators

As a rapidly developing science and technology, plant growth regulators have been widely used in agriculture, forestry, fruit and vegetable production. In recent decades, the mixing of plant growth regulators has emerged in many applications such as rooting, fruiting, dwarfing, dormancy, drying, defoliation, ripening, sweetening, coloring, and so on, and the development momentum is rapid. The reason is that the combination application can have the effect of synergism and addition, which can reduce the amount of use and improve the application effect. At the same time, it also expands the scope of application, learn from each other, and overcome the shortcomings of single use, It can also achieve high quality and high yield. Commonly used plant growth regulators can be divided into: plant growth regulators and fertilizer, plant growth regulators and fungicides.1、 Complex of plant growth regulatorsIn the past, it was believed that plant growth regulators have specificity and cannot be used in combination. However, modern plant physiology research has proved that different plant growth regulators will produce unexpected good effects when used in combination. After the combination of growth promoter and growth inhibitor was used, it was found that some plants could inhibit the vegetative growth and promote the reproductive growth. While the plants controlled the exuberant growth and lodging resistance, the fruit would expand, increase the yield and improve the quality.1. Sodium nitrophenol+sodium naphthylacetateIt is a new compound plant growth regulator with labor saving, low cost and high quality. As a regulator that can comprehensively adjust the balance of crop growth, sodium nitrophenolate can comprehensively promote crop growth. When combined with sodium naphthylacetate, on the one hand, it can strengthen the rooting effect of sodium naphthylacetate, on the other hand, it can enhance the rooting efficiency of sodium nitrophenolate. Together, the two can make the rooting effect faster, absorb nutrients more powerful and more comprehensive, and accelerate the promotion of crop stretching and strong, not lodging, strong internodes, increased branches and tillers, and disease resistance, Resistance to lodging. According to the joint test and research of several scientific research institutions, the compound of sodium nitrophenolate and sodium naphthylacetate in proportion of 1:3 was applied to rootstock rooting. The results showed that the rooting number was significantly higher than that of sodium naphthylacetate alone; The experimental study on soybean showed that both of them significantly promoted the root of soybean to be strong, and the ability of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in rhizobium was significantly enhanced, which showed obvious visual effect in 2-3 days; The results showed that the yield of wheat could be increased by about 15% by spraying 2-3 times of the mixture of sodium dinitrophenol and sodium naphthylacetate at the rooting stage, with no adverse effect on wheat quality.2. DA-6+ethephon (or sodium nitrophenolate+ethephon)It is a kind of dwarf, robust and anti-falling regulator for compound corn. The use of ethephon alone has the effect of dwarfing, and the leaves are widened, dark green, upward and secondary rooting are increased, but the phenomenon of premature leaf senescence is easy to occur. Using DA-6+ethephon compound agent to control the growth of corn, the compound use can reduce the plant by up to 20% compared with using ethephon alone, which has obvious synergistic and anti-premature aging effects.3. Sodium nitrophenolate+gibberellinAs the quick-acting regulator, both sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin can act in a short time after application, making the crops show good growth effect. However, when sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin are used in combination, according to the research on the application of sodium nitrophenolate by the Jujube Science Research Institute, while adding the effects of the two, the characteristics of sodium nitrophenolate's persistence can make up for the deficiency of gibberellin, and at the same time, it can comprehensively control the growth balance, Avoid excessive use of gibberellin to cause damage to the plant, so as to significantly increase the yield and quality of jujube trees.4. Sodium naphthylacetate+potassium indobutyrateIt is a widely used compound rooting agent in the world, and is widely used in fruit trees, trees, vegetables, flowers and some ornamental plants. The mixture can be absorbed by roots, leaves and germinated seeds, stimulate the cell division and growth of the inner sheath of the root, make the lateral root grow faster and more, improve the ability of the plant to absorb nutrients and water, and achieve the overall growth of the plant. Because of the synergism or synergism of the agent in promoting plant cutting and rooting, some plants that are difficult to root can also cut and root.2、 Compound of plant growth regulator and fertilizer1. Sodium nitrophenol+ureaSodium nitrophenolate+urea is the "golden partner" in the combination of regulator and fertilizer. In terms of effect, the characteristics of comprehensive regulation of crop growth and development of sodium nitrophenolate can make up for the deficiency of nutrient demand in the early stage, making the crop nutrition more comprehensive and urea utilization more thorough; In terms of action time, the quick-availability and persistence of sodium nitrophenolate combined with the quick-availability of urea can make the plant appearance and internal changes faster and more lasting; In terms of the method of action, sodium nitrophenolate and urea can be used together as both base fertilizer and root spray and flush fertilizer, which can be described as "killing three birds with one stone". In the experiment of compound nitrophenol sodium and foliar fertilizer containing urea, the leaves of the plant became dark green and shiny within 40 hours after application, and the yield in the later stage was significantly increased.2. Triacontanol+potassium dihydrogen phosphateTriacontanol can increase the photosynthesis of crops, and it can be sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate to improve the yield of crops. The combination of the two can be applied to the corresponding crops with other fertilizers or regulators, and the effect is better. For example, the combination of triacontanol+potassium dihydrogen phosphate+sodium dinitrophenol can increase yield by more than 20% compared with the former two.3. DA-6+trace elements+N, P, KHundreds of test data and market feedback information on the compound application of DA-6 with large and trace elements show that DA-6+trace elements such as zinc sulfate; DA-6+large amount of elements, such as urea, potassium sulfate, etc., make the fertilizer play a role dozens of times higher than that of single use, and enhance plant disease resistance and stress resistance. The good combination selected from a large number of tests, plus certain additives, will be provided to customers, which will greatly benefit customers.4. Chlormequat+boric acidThe application of the mixture on grapes can overcome the deficiency of chlormequat. The experiment showed that spraying the whole plant with a certain concentration of chlormequat 15 days before the flowering of grapes can greatly increase the yield of grapes, but reduce the sugar content of grape juice. The mixture can not only play the role of controlling the length and promoting the fruit setting to increase the yield, but also overcome the side effect of reducing the sugar content after the use of chlormequat.3、 Plant growth regulator+fungicide1. Sodium nitrophenolate+allicinThe compound use of sodium nitrophenolate and allicin can significantly improve its efficacy, delay the emergence of drug resistance, and can resist the drug damage caused by excessive or high toxicity by regulating the growth of crops, and make up for the losses caused thereby. The experimental study on the control of cotton verticillium wilt with sodium dinitrate+allicin emulsion showed that the incidence rate of sodium dinitrate was 18.4% lower than that of allicin alone, and the compound preparation treatment was stronger than the control cotton, with dark green and plump leaves, late decline time, and extended the leaf function period.2. Sodium nitrophenolate+carbendazimThe mixture of sodium dinitrophenol and bactericide improves the surface activity of the agent, increases the permeability and adhesion, and thus increases the bactericidal effect. The compound use of sodium nitrophenolate and heterocyclic fungicides, such as carbendazim, in the prevention and control of peanut leaf disease, spray twice at the beginning of the disease, improve the control effect by 23%, and significantly enhance the bactericidal effect.3. Brassinolide+triadimefonBrassinolide can promote the germination and seedling growth of crops, trees and seeds, and improve the stress resistance of crops. According to relevant literature, the control effect of brassinolide and triadimefon on cotton bacterial wilt was more than 70%, and it also promoted the growth of cotton roots and buds. The study also showed that salicylic acid also had obvious synergistic effect on triadimefon.4、 Plant growth regulator+herbicide1. Ethephon+paraquatUsed as defoliant for crops. This agent can increase the yield of sesame when used as a dry defoliation agent. Six days before sesame harvest, the dry defoliation effect is poor and the yield of sesame is not increased by spraying ethephon alone. Although the dry defoliation effect is good, the yield of sesame is not increased by using paraquat alone. If the two are mixed, not only the dry defoliation effect is good, but also the yield is increased compared with the control.Compound technology of other plant growth regulators1. Rooting agent: It mainly promotes the rooting and slowing of seedlings after transplanting, or the cutting of seedlings. The types are auxin+auxin, auxin+catechol, indoleacetic acid+naphthoic acid, auxin+saccharin, abscisic acid+auxin, fulvic acid+indobutyric acid, etc.2. Fruit-setting agent: its function is to increase the rate of parthenocarpy, increase the single weight of fruit, promote fruit setting, accelerate the expansion speed of fruit, and increase the size of fruit. The types are gibberellin+cytokinin, gibberellin+auxin+6-BA, gibberellin+naphthoxyacetic acid+diphenylurea, gibberellin+phenylpeptidase, gibberellin+brassinolide, gibberellin+naphthoxyacetic acid+microelement, etc.3. Inhibitory fruit setting agent and grain yield increasing agent: the function is to control the growth and increase the fruit setting rate. The types are respectively chlormequat+choline chloride, chlormequat+ethrel, ethrel+abscisic acid, chlormequat+ethrel+copper sulfate, chlormequat+pyrimidine, chlormequat+gibberellin, abscisic acid+gibberellin, etc.4. Breaking dormancy and promoting growth agent: its function is to break dormancy and promote germination. Its types include gibberellin+thiourea, potassium nitrate+thiourea, benzylaminopurine+naphthoic acid+nicotinic acid, gibberellin+KCl, gibberellin+Fospinol, etc.5. Drying and defoliating agent: mainly used for sesame, cotton, etc., drying and defoliating before mechanical harvesting. Its function is not only to dry and defoliate, but also to increase the yield. Its types include Ethyl+Paraquat, Thiazolon+methamidophos, Thiazolon+potassium carbonate, Ethyl+ammonium persulfate, Thiazolon+Diuron, Ethyl+chlordoxol+actinomycin, etc.6. Accelerating ripening, coloring and improving quality agent: it can accelerate the ripening of fruit, make the color bright, and increase the sweetness of fruit. Its types include Ethyl+Propylene, Ethyl+Cyclodextrin complex, Ethyl+2,4,5-alpropionic acid, Diuron+Citric acid, Benzaminopurine+Chunleimycin, etc.7. Vegetable and fruit picking agent: It is applied before the apple and citrus ripen quickly, which promotes the formation of the separation layer at the base of the citrus fruit stem, thus leading to the separation of fruit and branches. Its types include: naphthalene acetamide+acetonitrile, dinitro-cresol+naphthalene acetamide+acetonitrile, naphthalene acetamide+carbaryl, dinitro-cresol+naphthalene acetamide+carbaryl, and naphthoic acid+carbaryl.8. Promote flower bud development, flowering and sex ratio: transform fruit crops from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and promote flowering. Its types include naphthoic acid+benzylaminopurine, benzylaminopurine+gibberellin, gibberellin+silver sulfate with sulfur, ethephon+potassium dichromate, etc.9. Bud inhibitor: It can inhibit the germination of axillary buds on tobacco and potato during storage. Its types include cyanogen+bud inhibition, chloranilide+anilide, sucrose fatty acid ester+cyanogen, etc.10. Growth promoting and yield increasing agent: improve the absorption of N, P and K by plants and increase the yield. Its types include indoleacetic acid+naphthylacetic acid, indoleacetic acid+naphthylacetic acid+2,4-D+gibberellin, protocin+cytokinin+auxin, hydrogen peroxide+xylic acid, etc.11. Stress resistance agents (drought resistance, low temperature resistance, disease resistance, etc.): increase the absorption of nutrients, promote the growth of seedlings, increase the total dry matter, improve cold resistance, drought resistance, disease resistance and insect resistance. Its types include anti-kinetin+abscisic acid, cytokinin+auxin+gibberellin, ethrel+gibberellin, salicylic acid+gene activator, etc.Article source network. The above content is for reference only. If you have copyright, please contact us and delete it as soon as possible. Please consult with agricultural experts in combination with local planting habits to plant reasonably.

High yield cultivation techniques of rice

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. China is the country with the largest rice planting area in the world, accounting for about 1/4 of the national grain crops with an annual area of 30 million hectares, while the yield accounts for more than 40%. The country is divided into six rice regions: South China humid and hot double-cropping rice region, Central China humid single-cropping rice region, double-cropping rice region, North China semi-humid single-cropping rice region, Northeast semi-humid early-maturing single-cropping rice region, Northwest dry single-cropping rice region, and Southwest Plateau humid single-cropping rice region. Taking the northern single-season rice region as an example, the rice plant protection management work from the pre-sowing to the harvest months will be listed on a monthly basis.1、 April: pre-broadcast preparation period1. Key points of management: whole field, base fertilizer and seed selection(1) Selection of seedling breeding land: generally select the fields with convenient transportation, flat terrain, leeward and sunny, convenient irrigation, convenient management, close to the Honda, good permeability, organic content above 1.5%, pH below 7.5, and low salt content.(2) Seedling production: plough, sit on the bed, and fertilize the seedling field.(3) Seed selection and seed drying: select disease-resistant and high-yield varieties suitable for the site. The seeds are exposed to the sun before sowing, which can kill some of the germs carried by the seeds and improve the seed germination rate.2. Pest controlThis period is mainly to prevent soil-borne diseases.2、 May: seedling cultivation period1. Key points of management(1) Seed treatment: Before sowing, treat rice seeds with plant growth regulator, which can stimulate the seeds to enhance metabolism, promote germination and rooting, improve germination rate and germination potential, and lay a good foundation for cultivating strong seedlings. The regulators available in this period include gibberellin, sodium dinitrophenol, triacontanol, cytokinin, sodium naphthylacetate, etc.(2) Strengthen water and fertilizer management.2. Prevention and control of diseases, pests and weedsThe main control objects in this period are rice seedling rot, bacterial leaf blight and stripe leaf blight.3、 June: transplanting period1. Key points of management: whole field, fertilization, green, water and fertilizer management(1) Reasonable fertilization, promote balanced fertilization, increase the application of phosphorus, potassium and silicon fertilizer, and avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer;(2) Fine soil preparation, combined with fertilization and use of regulators to improve the transplanting quality and ensure early growth and rapid development of rice. The available regulators in this period include: sodium nitrophenolate, brassinolide, sodium naphthylacetate, potassium indobutyrate, etc;2. Prevention and control of diseases, pests and weedsThe main control objects in this period include rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, Chilo suppressalis, Chilo suppressalis, rice budworm, rice leaf roller and weeds in rice fields.4、 July: from tillering stage to young spike development stage1. Key management points: promote tillering, control lodging, water and fertilizer management(1) Strengthen water and fertilizer management, apply fertilizer reasonably and avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer;(2) Use plant growth regulators to promote tillering and control overgrowth and lodging. The available regulators in this period include calcium cyclamate, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole.2. Pest controlThe main control objects in this period include sheath blight, rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, rice borer, rice bract, thrips, rice leafhopper, etc.5、 August: booting to heading1. Key points of managementThe use of plant growth regulators, combined with fertilizers, can improve the growth advantage, with more spikelets, larger panicles, more and plump grains. The plant growth regulators available in this period include gibberellin, triacontanol, brassinolide, etc.2 Pest controlThe main control objects in this period include sheath blight, rice false smut, rice borer, leafhopper, rice planthopper, etc.6、 September: grouting and fruiting period1. Key points of managementUse plant growth regulators, combined with nutrient elements, to accelerate filling, reduce empty shells and blighted grains, so that the filling is sufficient, the grain is full, the 1000-grain weight is increased, and ripens ahead of time. The plant growth regulators available at this stage include DA-6, cytokinin, brassinolide, triacontanol, sodium naphthylacetate, s-inducer, etc.2. Pest controlThe main control objects in this period include rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, rice leaf roller, rice budworm, rice stem borer, brown planthopper, etc.7、 October: harvest periodKey management points: ripening and drying, real-time harvesting, and safe storage(1) Ripening and dryingApply plant growth regulator 5 days before harvest to promote ripening and drying. The available modifiers are Diquat and Ethephon.(2) Safe storageIn the fields where rice blast, rice bacterial blight and rice false smut occur, the rice shall be harvested separately and cannot be used as seeds. The diseased rice straw shall be stacked separately.

Application of ethephon on cotton

1. Why should cotton be ripened with ethephon?The cotton bolls in the middle and upper part of the cotton bolls mature and crack under the climate conditions of falling temperature in autumn. For various reasons, some cotton bolls in the later stage do not crack and open before the frost and become post-frost flowers, or even cannot crack and become invalid bolls. Especially in the northern cotton region of China, the autumn temperature dropped rapidly, the dry frost came early, and the proportion of flowers after the frost was high, which had a great impact on the yield and quality of cotton. Although the climate conditions in the southern cotton region are stronger than those in the north, due to the high multiple cropping index and tight stubble connection, the area of late-cropping cotton has been expanding in recent years. The contradiction between grain and cotton competing for season, land and labor is very prominent in production, which is not conducive to the early development of cotton, resulting in the late development and late maturity of cotton. At the same time, the late maturity of cotton also affects the timely sowing and normal growth of the following crops. Therefore, late maturity of cotton has been a major problem in production for a long time. Through years of scientific experiments, effective technical measures have been found to solve the problem of late maturity of cotton, which is to spray cotton with ethephon. It can accelerate the development of cotton bolls and make them crack and open bolls early.Through years of repeated practice in production, it can be concluded that the use of ethephon in cotton has the following advantages.(1) Early flowering and reduced post-frost flowers: cotton sprayed with ethephon shortened the boll period, making cotton bolls crack and open in advance, and significantly reduced post-frost flowers. According to our experiment, when 100 grams and 125 grams of ethephon were applied to late-maturing cotton per mu, the flowering rate after frost was 23.8% and 21.0%, which was 12.7% and 15.5% lower than that of 36.5% of the control. According to the observation of Beijing Agricultural University, the boll period of cotton bolls flowering from August 9 to 10 is more than 80 days for the control, and the boll number after frost accounts for 50%, while the treated bolls are all boll before frost; The boll period of cotton bolls flowering on August 19 is more than 92 days for the control bolls, all of which are post-frost flowers, while the treated post-frost flowers are only 50%. The reduction of flowers after frost not only increased cotton yield, but also improved fiber quality.(2) Improve yield and increase economic benefits: under the condition of reasonable use of ethephon, cotton generally has a yield increase effect of 5-10%, and the yield increase in the northern cotton region is greater than that in the south. The grade of cotton sprayed with ethephon has increased, and the unit price of seed cotton has increased. According to the public, the cotton sprayed with ethephon has received early, sold fast, and has good quality and high price. According to the experimental materials in Shanghai, the average yield of seed cotton per mu is 101.6 kg when using ethephon for late-maturing cotton, which is 8.2 kg higher than 93.4 kg of the control, and the yield increase rate is 8.8%; The lint was 39.3 kg, an increase of 3.5 kg and 9.9% over the control 35.8 kg. The reason is that the number of flowers and ineffective bolls decreased after frost, and the boll weight and lint percentage increased. The average economic benefit per mu was 126.18 yuan, an increase of 13.94 yuan over the control of 112.24 yuan. The reason for the increase of income is the increase of unit yield and the increase of unit price of seed cotton. The average unit price of seed cotton per 100 kg is 122.82 yuan, an increase of 4.80 yuan compared with 118.02 yuan of the control. Local experiments also believe that cotton sprayed with ethephon can generally increase the income by more than 10 yuan per mu, and more than 20 yuan. Therefore, it can be considered that cotton spraying with ethephon is a technical measure with small investment, quick effect, large income, wide adaptability and experimental value.(3) It is beneficial to the growth of subsequent crops and promotes the double high yield of cotton and grain: some fields with double cropping of cotton and wheat in the past could not be pulled out in time due to the late harvest of cotton, so it is customary to directly interplant wheat in the cotton field without tilling, resulting in overgrown weeds and affecting the growth of wheat. After spraying ethephon, the stem can be pulled out early and the wheat can be planted after ploughing, which creates good growth conditions for the wheat. Therefore, spraying ethephon on cotton is also an effective measure to achieve high yield of cotton and grain.(4) Reduce the number of flower harvesting and save labor: cotton sprayed with ethephon, cotton bolls are concentrated in boll opening, and generally the end of flower harvesting is 3 to 4 times. Therefore, some people say that cotton sprayed with ethephon will have dry flowers in the first tide, prosperous flowers in the second tide, and no flowers in the third tide and the fourth tide, while cotton without ethephon will have to harvest 5 to 6 times. In addition, the cotton sprayed with ethephon has many old leaves falling off, the flowers collected are clean, and the time for picking flowers is saved, thus saving labor.2. How about the effect of cotton ripening by spraying ethephon?About 5 days after the proper use of ethephon, the old leaves of cotton gradually turn red from the appearance, and some old leaves fall off later. At the same time, the cotton bolls began to dehydrate, and then the cracking and boll opening were accelerated. The cracking speed of cotton bolls was significantly accelerated 10 days after the treatment, and the cotton bolls concentrated cracking and boll opening was 10 to 25 days after the treatment, and the cotton harvest could be basically ended in about 30 days. For example, in Shanghai, the harvest of late-maturing cotton can be ended by spraying before and after the "cold dew". Since the first frost of the year occurs around November 15, the cotton sprayed with ethephon will spend very little after the frost. According to our observation of the upper bolls, the flowers opened on the same day were listed, and the boll period (flowering → boll opening) of the cotton bolls sprayed with ethephon was 7 to 10 days shorter than that of the cotton bolls not sprayed, and the cotton harvest could end 10 to 15 days earlier.The field test showed that the effect of ethephon on cotton boll ripening was mainly determined by the concentration of the drug and the temperature at that time. The appropriate concentration of the drug and the appropriate temperature conditions could achieve the ideal ripening effect. The effect of cotton boll ripening is poor when too much medicine is used, especially under low temperature conditions. Secondly, the use of medication devices is also related to the effect of ethephon on ripening cotton bolls. The use of ultra-low volume spray, Dong-16 type foggers, backpack spray, etc. has a good effect on ripening cotton bolls, while the use of Gongnong 36 type motorized spray has a poor effect on ripening cotton bolls due to large fog spots and waste of liquid medicine.3. What kind of cotton field needs to be ripened with ethephon?Years of practice has proved that ethephon ripening cotton is an effective technical measure, but not all cotton fields need to use ethephon ripening. In both the northern and southern cotton areas, the use of ethephon to accelerate ripening can achieve good results in cotton fields that are greedy for green and late ripening and have more autumn peaches due to various reasons. This type of cotton field is characterized by late boll opening, large proportion of flowers after frost, and many ineffective bolls, which have a great impact on yield and quality. Especially in the northern cotton area, the dry frost comes early and has a greater impact, so it is more necessary to use ethephon. In addition, for some cotton fields in urgent need of crop change (such as rape seedling fields and vegetable fields), the use of ethylene can make the harvest end in advance, pull out the pole in time, and free up the land to arrange the next crop.In a region or production unit, the cotton fields that need to be ripened can generally be roughly estimated. However, the fields and areas that need to be ripened with ethephon must be subject to field inspection. According to the growth of cotton beads, the climatic conditions of the year and the needs of crop rotation, reasonable arrangements should be made. Generally, ethephon should not be used for cotton fields that grow normally and mature earlier or have lower yield levels.4. When is it appropriate to spray ethephon on cotton? How much ethephon should be used per mu of cotton field?Whether the time of using ethephon is appropriate is the key to the success of ethephon in ripening cotton. If used too early, it will lead to premature senescence and shedding of leaves, which will lead to premature cracking of some cotton bolls due to insufficient development, resulting in reduced boll weight and decreased lint percentage and quality; If it is used too late, due to the low temperature, the efficacy cannot be fully exerted, and even if the dosage is increased, the ideal ripening effect cannot be achieved. According to the test results of each unit, the appropriate time for cotton to use ethephon should be based on the following principles: first, it depends on the development degree of cotton bolls. The cotton bolls can be used only when the boll stage% [boll age (flowering → spraying days) ÷ age (flowering → boll opening days) X100] of most cotton bolls on the cotton bolls is more than 70 (generally the upper boll age reaches 45 days). At this time, the cotton bolls are in the middle and late stage of fiber filling stage. The use of ethephon can promote the delivery of organic nutrients from cotton leaves to cotton bolls. Therefore, the application of drugs at the right time not only plays a role in accelerating the ripening of cotton bolls, but also helps to enrich cotton fiber, increase boll weight and increase lint percentage. For example, in Shanghai, the final flowering stage of cotton is generally in late August, and the appropriate period for using ethephon should be around "cold dew". At this time, the boll period of cotton bolls is more than 70%; Second, within a few days after the use of ethephon, the high temperature should be above 20 ℃ to have obvious ripening effect; The third is to determine the time of using the agent according to the frost period. In northern cotton areas, it is generally appropriate to use ethephon about 20 days before the dry frost. In short, the appropriate time for cotton to use ethephon should be determined according to the cotton growth trend, climate conditions and other factors in different regions and according to local conditions.The dosage of ethephon shall be based on the principle of economy, effectiveness and safety. The dosage should be determined according to the factors such as cotton growth and climatic conditions. Generally, the dosage can be less for early use (due to high temperature) or medium growth cotton fields; Cotton fields with late use (due to low temperature) or vigorous growth or more autumn peaches will be used more. In the same way, the southern cotton area should use less when the air temperature is higher, while the northern cotton area should use more. Within the range of appropriate dosage, the more the dosage is, the faster the cotton boll ripens. But if the dosage is more than the appropriate dosage, the cotton boll ripens too fast, and the phenomenon of poor boll opening and difficult flower picking will occur, and the flower pedicel has yellow spots. At the same time, the leaves often fall off too early and too much, which will affect the weight and quality of the bolls, and even the young bolls fall off. In addition, the agricultural cost has also been increased. The results showed that it was appropriate to use 100~150 grams of stock solution per mu (containing 40% of the effective ingredient of ethephon) to accelerate cotton ripening in practical production. Take Shanghai as an example, cotton with more autumn peaches in normal years is generally used before the end of September, and the ethylene utilization per mu should not exceed 100 grams; For those used before or after October 10, about 125 grams per mu; It is used in the middle of October and can be used to about 150 grams per mu. Of course, in actual use, the dosage should be determined according to the temperature conditions at that time.5. What is the physiological reason for ethephon to ripen cotton bolls?Senescence is a normal growth process of plants, but it is related to external environmental conditions such as temperature, light, fertilizer and water, and is also regulated by plant endogenous hormones and controlled by genetic genes. In agriculture, it is sometimes necessary to delay aging and ripening to increase the yield of field crops or keep fruits and vegetables fresh; Sometimes it is necessary to accelerate aging to promote precocity. Therefore, regulating the senescence of crops has important production significance. The use of ethephon in cotton is a process to accelerate the aging of cotton bolls. Studies have proved that the ripening of cotton bolls by ethephon is not a simple dehydration and ripening process, but a normal physiological metabolism process to accelerate development and promote maturity.The experiment proved that cotton boll and cotton leaf can absorb ethephon and quickly decompose and release ethylene in the body. The cotton bolls showed two release peaks two days after ethephon treatment and before boll opening, while those without ethephon treatment only showed one release peak before cracking, and the time was 8 days later than the second ethylene release peak of the treated cotton bolls, which was consistent with the fact that ethephon promoted boll opening 7 to 10 days earlier. Since ethylene is recognized as a fruit ripening hormone, it can be considered that ethephon is the physiological reason for ripening cotton bolls, The main reason is that the ethylene content in the cotton boll is increased, the development of the cotton boll is accelerated, and the ethylene release peak that must occur before the cotton boll cracks comes ahead of time, thus the cracking and boll opening of the cotton boll is earlier. After the cotton leaf absorbs ethephon, it not only releases ethylene from the leaf itself, but also can transport it to the cotton boll at the same fruit node at a very fast speed. The amount of ethylene in the cotton boll can be measured twice as much as that in the control in two hours, but it will be two days after the treatment when a large amount of ethylene is transported to the cotton boll and reaches the peak. At the same time, ethylene can also be delivered to the cotton bolls above the same fruit branch, but not to the cotton bolls below the same fruit branch. The ethephon absorbed by the cotton boll only releases ethylene in the cotton boll itself, not to the cotton leaf at the same node.Peroxidase is also an indicator of plant senescence. According to the measurement of Beijing Agricultural University, the peroxidase activity in the cotton boll was improved after ethephon treatment, especially the peroxidase in the boll shell reached a high level, and reached a high value when the boll cracked. The boll cracking was positively correlated with the peroxidase activity in the boll shell. However, the peroxidase content in the shell of the control cotton boll was relatively stable until it gradually rose to the maximum value before cracking, which was significantly delayed than that of the ethephon treatment.From the above research results, it can be concluded that the essence of ethephon ripening cotton bolls may be that after ethephon treatment, the ethylene released from cotton bolls increases and the peak of ethylene release comes ahead of time, while ethylene promotes the activity of peroxidase and the maximum of peroxidase comes ahead of time, Because peroxidase can accelerate the decomposition and destruction of auxin (generally believed to have the effect of inhibiting aging and delaying maturity), the content of auxin decreases, thus changing the balance between the original ethylene and auxin. It is due to the increase of ethylene in the cotton boll, the increase of enzyme activity, the change of hormone balance and other reasons that promote the transformation of the cotton boll to maturity and aging, thus accelerating the cotton boll cracking and boll opening.6. What is the relationship between the effect of ethephon on ripening cotton bolls and the temperature at that time?Using ethephon to ripen cotton bolls, considering the development of cotton bolls, the later the time is, the more beneficial it is. However, the effect of ethephon is closely related to the temperature at that time. If the temperature is low, the effect cannot be exerted. This is because ethephon is different from other desiccants. It is not through simple physical or chemical action to destroy the cell membrane to make the bell shell lose water and crack, but through a complex physiological and biochemical process. These activities require a certain appropriate temperature, and must have a certain effective accumulated temperature to carry out smoothly. According to our measurement, cotton bolls only release a small amount of ethylene at 17~19 ℃ after spraying ethephon on pearl cotton, and only release a large amount of ethylene at above 20 ℃. Cotton bolls without ethrel basically do not release ethylene under 19 ℃. According to the regression equation analysis, the ethylene released by cotton bolls was significantly positively correlated with temperature. Therefore, when using ethephon on cotton, pay attention to the temperature at that time.7. Why does the boll weight and lint percentage of cotton increase after proper use of ethephon, but decrease if it is improperly used?Cotton ripening with ethephon is in the late growth stage of cotton. Therefore, among the components of cotton yield, boll weight and lint percentage are closely related to ethephon treatment. The effect of ethephon on boll weight and lint percentage mainly depends on the development degree of cotton bolls. The experimental data from different regions agree that ethephon can increase the boll weight and lint percentage of cotton bolls with boll period of more than 70%. Why? Through 14C tracing, we found that after ethephon treatment, the retention and consumption of Tonghua substances in cotton leaves can be reduced, and the assimilation substances stored in the original cotton leaves and the new assimilation substances after treatment can be more transported to the cotton boll, especially the assimilation substances transported to the cotton boll can be accumulated in more quantities in the cotton boll. This shows that ethephon can increase boll weight and lint percentage by changing the distribution proportion of cotton photosynthetic products, improving the economic coefficient of photosynthetic products, and promoting cotton fiber filling. Therefore, the use of ethephon on cotton bolls with a basic length can increase the boll weight and lint percentage.However, in other cases (such as insufficient boll period or excessive ethylene utilization), the boll weight and lint percentage will be reduced. Because, under the correct use of ethephon, the appearance of cotton bolls does not change much within 3 to 5 days, the leaf color gradually turns red within 5 to 7 days, the appearance of cotton bolls does not change much within 3 to 5 days, the cotton leaves turn red obviously within 2 to 3 days, even fall off, and the cotton bolls mature very quickly. The study found that after ethephon treatment, the photosynthetic capacity of cotton bolls changed little in one week, and then decreased significantly after one week. This change had little impact on the cotton bolls that had basically grown, but it was extremely unfavorable for the cotton bolls that had not yet grown. Due to the premature aging of functional leaves, the photosynthetic capacity decreased, the organic nutrients obtained by cotton bolls decreased significantly, and the cotton fiber matured before it was enriched, thickened, and matured, thus resulting in the reduction of boll weight, The percentage of clothes drops.8. Does the use of ethephon in cotton have adverse effects on cotton fiber quality?Use ethephon to accelerate cotton ripening, as long as the cotton fiber

Effect of ethephon on rubber trees

23. What is the effect of ethephon on increasing rubber production?Hevea brasiliensis is a tall tree with economic life of several decades. Milk is harvested from bark in a special way. Rubber is produced by the laticiferous tissue of the bark of the gum tree. The laticiferous cells use the products of photosynthesis - sugar and other nutrients, through a series of complex enzymatic reactions, to carry out biosynthesis to produce rubber.The rubber discharge of rubber trees is caused by artificial rubber extraction or natural disasters (such as cold damage, explosion, wind damage and mechanical damage). Under normal circumstances, the influence surface of artificial rubber collection and discharge is limited to a certain extent. The influence surface of rubber discharge is mainly below and on both sides of the cutting line when the rubber is cut by the male knife. The influence surface of rubber discharge is mainly above and on both sides of the cutting line when the rubber is cut by the female knife. The length of the influence is generally 1.25~1.75 meters, and the width of both sides of the influence cutting line is equal to one-ninth of the length. When ethephon is used in rubber trees, it will cause artificial induced callus reaction, which is a method to tap the existing rubber production potential. Its main functions are: (1) to mobilize reserves by a large margin; (2) Strengthen the absorption of water and nutrients and transport them to the milk tube system; (3) Enlarge the rubber discharge surface, block the coagulation mechanism, strengthen the rubber discharge of the latex tube, and make the regeneration function of the latex hyperfunction, resulting in a short-term and substantial increase in production. However, ethephon itself is not a nutrient, nor can it directly improve the ability of photosynthesis to increase new sugar. A large number of experiments have proved that the correct application of ethephon on rubber trees is an effective measure to improve rubber yield.24. Which rubber trees are suitable to use ethephon?Like other long-term crops, rubber trees have their seedling stage, yield stage, full yield stage and aging stage. In the seedling stage, it is mainly to promote the growth of rubber trees, and at this time, it can not be stimulated with ethephon; In the initial stage of production, the gum trees need to produce and grow, at this time, it is generally not suitable to stimulate the tapping; Generally, when the rubber trees enter the full production period (generally 15 years after the rubber trees are planted, that is, 5~7 years after the cutting), they can be stimulated to cut; When the rubber tree is aged and renewed, the stimulation intensity should be increased to tap the rubber production potential of the rubber tree.According to the test in China, it is temporarily stipulated that ethephon tapping is suitable for low-yield seedlings (including low-yield budding trees) over 15 years old and regeneration rubber plantations. As for the high-yield rubber budding trees, they are currently in the experimental stage and cannot be used in large-scale production.25. How to properly use ethephon to stimulate cutting?(1) The use scope of ethephon must be strictly controlled: at present, the use of ethephon is only limited to seedling trees (including low-yield budding trees) over 15 years old and the strong cutting of rubber trees before renewal; Except for the experiment, the high-yield budding trees are not suitable for productive use.(2) The dosage must be strictly controlled: according to the content of ethephon stock solution calibrated in each batch, and then dispensing and coating should be carried out according to the regulations. It is not allowed to arbitrarily increase the dosage and coating times.(3) Reasonable cutter reduction: generally controlled to reduce the number of rubber cutters by about one third compared with conventional rubber cutting.(4) Proper shallow cutting: 2/3~1/2 of the yellow skin (about 0.15 cm from the xylem) is usually cut off by conventional rubber cutting; However, the cutting depth of ethrel stimulation was controlled at 1/2~1/3 of the yellow skin (about 0.16~0.20 cm from the xylem).(5) According to the results of nutrition diagnosis, fertilizer should be added to supplement nutrients.(6) Master the dynamic analysis of rubber production and conduct scientific rubber cutting;I. Look at the phenology. The first canopy leaves should be straight and dark green before cutting. In winter, when the leaves turn yellow, cutting should be stopped.2. Cut the glue according to the weather. Do not cut the glue in rainy days; Do not cut glue when the temperature is lower than 15 ℃ in winter; Do not cut glue when the tree is not dry; Do not cut glue when the ulcer disease is prevalent.3. When the dry content is less than 28% in the first half of the year and less than 25% in the second half of the year, the cutting shall be suspended temporarily; When there is a sign of dead skin, the cutting should be stopped.(7) In addition to regeneration and strong cutting, the increase in yield should be controlled within the reasonable balance between gum production and gum discharge.(8) In order to improve the effect of stimulating production and reduce the occurrence of side effects, try to use the method of alternating cutting face and high and low cutting line to stimulate rubber cutting.26. What are the methods of using ethephon in rubber trees?Depending on the carrier (dosage form), there are currently three main methods:(1) Emulsion: hang the skin under the secant (male knife) or above the secant (female knife). The width depends on the number of knives. Generally, the skin is scraped along the secant for 1.2~1.5 cm, and the rough skin is scraped off. Then evenly apply the prepared ethephon emulsifiable concentrate on the scraping belt with a brush.(2) Water or paste: instead of scraping, after the glue line is removed, apply the prepared ethephon water (or paste) evenly along the secant on the bark of two centimeters wide on the secant with a brush.(3) Colloid: The use is the same as emulsion. It can be used after purchase without having to prepare itself, but its concentration is only one specification.After 48 hours of application, vinyl has completely entered the gum tree and can be cut.In case of heavy rain or rainstorm within 5 hours after the application of the medicine, because ethephon did not enter the gum tree, it should be repainted. In case of heavy rain after 5 hours, it should not be repainted.27. What dosage forms should be used for the use of ethephon in rubber trees?The selection of dosage form should consider the source of materials, the exertion of efficacy, the effect of increasing production, the cost and the safety of rubber trees. Generally, carriers with wide source of materials, low price, strong adhesion and small side effects are required. In recent years, 40% of ethephon produced by the factory is water and alcohol, and 5~10% is colloid; Generally, pastes and emulsions are prepared on the farm.Water agent: It is made by mixing ethephon stock solution directly with water as required.Colloid: In recent years, Shanghai Pengpu Chemical Plant has successfully developed 5~10% colloidal ethephon based on the materials used in foreign rubber parks, which has strong adhesion, is not easy to be washed away by rain, and is convenient to use. It has been tested in the affiliated farm of South China Tropical Crop Research Institute.Paste: add 0.5 kg of starch in 50 kg of water, stir it evenly, boil it to paste, cool it to normal temperature, add ethephon stock solution and stir it evenly to form paste.Emulsion: use palm oil to rosin 1:1.50, or gum seed oil to rosin 1:2 as the carrier, first boil and melt the oil and rosin, cool to normal temperature, and then add ethephon stock solution and stir evenly to form the emulsion.The emulsion is relatively thick, with strong adhesion, long efficacy time and good yield increase effect, but it has serious side effects, high cost and difficult source. The water agent is not so viscous, has poor adhesion, short efficacy time, and has poor yield increase effect, but has light side effects, low cost, and convenient source. Paste is between emulsion and water. The colloid has strong adhesion and can be purchased out of the box. It does not need to be prepared by itself, so it is convenient to use, but the cost is high.28. How to calculate the amount of ethephon used by rubber trees?The application amount of ethrel stimulation for rubber trees is mainly determined by the dosage form, tree age, length of secant and length of cycle.Generally, emulsion is applied once a month, while water and paste are applied twice a month; The dosage of chemicals for young trees should be less, and that for mature trees should be more, and the number of regeneration and strong cutting trees should be increased gradually. In principle, the dosage of emulsion for each young tree should be 0.1 g of ethephon stock solution (effective concentration 2%), and the dosage of water or paste for each tree should be 0.05 g of ethephon stock solution (effective concentration 1%); The dosage of mature tree emulsion is 0.2g of ethephon stock solution (effective concentration 4%) of 40% per plant; 0.1 g of 40% ethephon stock solution (effective concentration 2%) is used for each water or paste; Use 0.4-0.5g of 40% ethephon stock solution (i.e. effective concentration 8-10%) for each time of renewal and strong tree cutting emulsion, and 0.25g of 40% ethephon stock solution (i.e. effective concentration 5%) for each time of water or paste.calculation:(1) Concentration preparation method:Required quantity of technical drug=(weight to be dispensed × Use concentration%) ÷ (technical concentration%)Carrier weight=required weight - technical requirement(2) Dose allocation method:Technical drug demand=drug consumption per plant × Number of plantsCarrier weight=number of plants × Required capacity per plant29. How to conduct ethephon stimulation tapping for abnormal rubber trees?The rubber trees were attacked by typhoons and cold waves, the branches, leaves and trunks were damaged to varying degrees, and the stored organic nutrients were also consumed to varying degrees. Therefore, it is not allowed to apply medicine and cut glue according to the method of normal rubber tree. No ethephon shall be used for wind and cold damage trees of grade 3-5 in the year of injury; The trees with Grade 3 wind and cold damage that reach the normal tapping standard in the second year of injury can be sprayed with medicine to stimulate tapping; Grade 4~5 wind and damaged trees can only be used with ethephon if they meet the re-cutting standard, but the number of times and concentration of application should be reduced. In the period of no application, the knife should be reduced, which is 1/3~1/2 of the normal tree.There are also some dead bark trees and canker trees. Their gum production mechanism (milk tube system and bark) has been damaged, and local nutrition deficiency has occurred. These trees should not use ethephon during the disease expansion period; After the second year of ulcer disease, when the focus has stabilized, the dead skin disease tree can use ethephon appropriately after the stabilizer, but the number of times of applying medicine and the number of glue cutting knives should be appropriately reduced, or the method of cutting and stopping should be adopted.30. Why should the rubber trees be fertilized with ethephon? How should they be added?Rubber synthesis requires a lot of nutrients. Fertilizer is the food intake of rubber trees. Under normal circumstances, regular rubber cutting requires a certain amount of nutrients every year. After the use of ethephon, the amount of glue discharged from the rubber tree will be multiplied, and the need for nutrient supplement will be increased. According to the measurement, the gum tree loses 8 grams of nitrogen, 2 grams of phosphorus, 7 grams of potassium and 3 grams of magnesium for each kilogram of dry gum added; Therefore, it is necessary to apply more fertilizer to rubber trees to stimulate ethephon, so as to ensure the nutrient requirements of rubber trees. It has been measured that when ethephon stimulates the increase of dry rubber yield by 10-15%, the nutrient consumption discharged with latex increases by 20-30%. If no fertilizer is applied, it will not only affect the yield increase effect, but also reduce the nutrient content of leaves, inhibit the growth of rubber trees, affect the normal metabolic activities of rubber trees, and reduce the ability of rubber production. Therefore, the application of ethephon-stimulated rubber trees requires a large amount of organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer not only contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also can improve soil structure and promote root growth. Its effect is better than chemical fertilizer. Generally, 100 kg of organic fertilizer should be applied to each plant every year, and 0.5~1 kg of ammonium sulfate and 0.25~0.5 kg of superphosphate should be applied when conditions permit. Organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer shall be applied from the end of cutting in winter to the beginning of cutting in the next year, and 60% of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer shall be applied from the beginning of cutting to the first application of ethephon to promote the growth of the first canopy leaf and produce more nutrients. The remaining nitrogen fertilizer can be applied 10 to 15 days before the high-yield season. Water and fertilizer should be applied in dry season.31. Why should rubber trees be shallowly cut when using ethephon?The bark of rubber tree is usually divided into outer bark, hard bark, soft bark, water sac skin and cambium from outside to inside. The soft bark layer is composed of parenchyma cells, sieve tubes and milk tubes, with few stone cells, soft skin and light yellow color, so it is also called yellow bark layer, which is the main cortex for latex production.Conventional tapping usually requires deep tapping to obtain yield. After using ethephon, shallow tapping can obtain much more yield than conventional tapping. Due to the large increase in the amount of glue after application, the regeneration of latex needs to supplement a large amount of water and nutrients. Their transportation in the rubber tree is mainly through the sieve tubes of the ducts, and the sieve tubes with functional functions are in the water sac bark of the bark. Deep cutting not only causes a large loss of nutrients, but also partially cuts off the transportation. The sugar and nutrients mobilized by ethylene cannot be transported into the latex tube in time, which weakens the rubber production function of the latex tube. Experience has proved that deep cutting after coating will cause dry skin on the cutting surface, shrink the rubber discharge line, and even dry the cutting line. Therefore, in order to protect the health of rubber trees and long-term high and stable yield, rubber trees must be shallowly cut after using ethephon.32. Why can rubber trees save gum bark by using ethephon?The latex tube is contained in the bark, and the bark of the rubber tree is an important basis for the production of rubber. In a sense, the bark is the workshop for manufacturing latex, and the latex tube is the machine for manufacturing latex. Saving the bark is to preserve the plants and machines that produce rubber, and wasting the bark is to destroy the plants and machines that produce rubber.For conventional tapping, the cutting time is 15 knives per month, the bark consumption is 2~2.5 cm, and the bark consumption is about 20 cm per year; After using ethylene, rubber trees generally cut rubber by 9 to 10 knives per month, consuming 1.5 cm of bark, and only 13 to 15 cm of bark per year. It can be seen that the use of ethephon in rubber trees can significantly save the production of rubber bark and prolong the economic life of rubber trees due to the reduction of rubber cutting trees.33. Why can rubber trees use ethephon to save rubber cutting labor?Under conventional rubber cutting, the rubber latex regeneration generally takes 24 hours to complete, so the s/2 and d/2 cutting systems are usually adopted (that is, the secant of one-half of the tree circumference is cut once a day). The use of ethephon in rubber trees has expanded the influence area of rubber drainage, and the amount of rubber drainage has increased significantly. However, the regeneration of rubber latex needs to supplement a lot of water and nutrients, so it takes 48 hours to complete the regeneration of rubber latex. Therefore, the s/2 and d/3 cutting systems are usually used (that is, the cutting line of one-half of the tree circumference is cut every three days).The use of ethephon for rubber trees generally reduces the cutting times by one third, so it can save a lot of rubber cutting labor. People can also use the saved rubber cutting labor to strengthen the management of rubber trees, so as to improve the rubber production potential of rubber trees and better improve the rubber production of rubber trees.34. How about the economic benefits of using ethephon correctly to stimulate tapping?The effect of ethephon on increasing yield of rubber trees is satisfactory. According to the statistics of the 12-year (1972-1983) experiment of 28.70 mu rubber seedlings in the fifth team of the South China Tropical Crop Research Institute, the average annual tapping of trees stimulated by ethephon was 76.80, and the average annual tapping of trees stimulated by ethephon was 106.50, and the average annual tapping of trees stimulated by ethephon was 29.70 times less than that of the control, with a reduction of 28%; The average annual yield of dry gum per mu of the stimulation tree is 54.50 kg, and the dry gum per plant is 3.73 kg, while the average yield of dry gum per mu of the control tree is 31.30 kg, and the dry gum per plant is 2.35 kg, which is 54.50% higher than that of the control tree; After deducting costs such as ethephony, the net income of each mu of rubber park can be increased by 70 yuan per year.In addition, according to the statistics of 23000 mu of state-owned Nanmao Farm, 480000 rubber seedling trees have been used in a large area for eight years (1975-1982) to stimulate the tapping of ethephon, the average annual tapping of ethephon trees is 98, 142.30, 45% less than that of the control trees; The average annual yield of dry rubber per mu of pesticide application is 48.90 kg, and the average annual yield of dry rubber per mu of control tree is 32.70 kg, with an average increase of 24.40%; In the eight years, a total of 1957.66 tons of dry rubber have been increased. In addition to processing costs, a total of 1096300 yuan of income has been increased by 5600 yuan per ton of dry rubber. After deducting 109000 yuan of ethephony cost, the net profit was 10.854 million yuan, with an average annual net profit of 1.35 million yuan and an annual increase of 58.70 yuan per mu of rubber.At present, the low-yield rubber plantation trees in the national agricultural reclamation system generally use ethephon to stimulate tapping, which generally increases the yield by more than 15%. In the future, if the high-yield rubber budding trees can use ethephon to stimulate tapping, the economic benefits will be higher.